Citrus greening, or Huanglongbing disease, HLB, is the most devastating disease for orange and grapefruit trees in the U.S. Prevention and treatment methods have proven elusive, and a definitive cure does not exist.
A healthy grapefruit compared to one affected by citrus greening (Texas A&M AgriLife photo)
Since HLB was detected in Florida in 2005, Florida's citrus production has fallen by 80%. The disease also threatens other citrus producing states.
Now, a public-private collaboration across Texas, Florida, California and Indiana will draw on prior successes in research and innovation to advance new, environmentally friendly and commercially viable control strategies for citrus greening. Leading the work are scientists from Texas A&M AgriLife Research.
$7 million USDA project
The $7 million, four-year AgriLife Research project is part of an $11 million suite of grants from the U.S. Department of Agriculture National Institute of Food and Agriculture, NIFA, to combat HLB. The coordinated agricultural project is also a NIFA Center of Excellence.
“Through multistate, interdisciplinary collaborations among universities, regulatory affairs consultants, state and federal agencies, and the citrus industry, we will pursue advanced testing and commercialization of promising therapies and extend outcomes to stakeholders,” said lead investigator Kranthi Mandadi, Ph.D., an AgriLife Research scientist at Weslaco and associate professor in the Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology at the Texas A&M College of Agriculture and Life Sciences.
In addition to Texas A&M AgriLife, other institutions on the team include Texas A&M University-Kingsville Citrus Center, University of Florida, Southern Gardens Citrus, University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources, Purdue University, and USDA Agricultural Research Service.
“This collaboration is an inspiring example of how research, industry, extension and outreach can create solutions that benefit everyone,” said Patrick J. Stover, Ph.D., vice chancellor of Texas A&M AgriLife, dean of the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences and director of Texas A&M AgriLife Research.
Industry leaders stress the urgent need for solutions.
“As a grower myself, and looking into the future of our citrus industry, we see lots of uncertainty because of the devastation that HLB has caused the Florida citrus industry,” said Dale Murden, president of Texas Citrus Mutual and Pest and Disease Management Corporation. “We need to look into real and practical solutions for the HLB threat. I believe this project is timely and essential.”
HLB solutions must overcome known challenges
An effective HLB treatment must avoid numerous pitfalls, Mandadi explained.
Kranthi Mandadi, Ph.D., picks fruit from a tree afflicted by citrus greening, or Huanglongbing disease. (Texas A&M AgriLife photo)
One major problem is getting a treatment to the infected inner parts of the tree. The disease-causing bacteria only infect a network of cells called the phloem, which distributes nutrients throughout a tree. Starved of nutrients, infected trees bear low-quality fruits and have shortened lifespans.
Treatments must reach the phloem to kill the bacteria. So, spraying treatments on leaves has little chance of success because citrus leaves' waxy coating usually prevents the treatments from penetrating.
Second, while the bacteria thrive in phloem, they do not grow in a petri dish. Until recently, scientists wishing to test treatments could only do so in living trees, in a slow and laborious process.
Third, orange and grapefruit trees are quite susceptible to the disease-causing bacteria and do not build immunity on their own. Strict quarantines are in place. Treatments must be tested in groves that are already infected.
Two types of potential citrus greening therapies will be tested using novel technologies
The teams will be working to advance two main types of treatment, employing technologies they've developed in the past to overcome the problems mentioned above.
‘Hairy roots' assay used to help speed screening in development of therapies. (Texas A&M AgriLife photo)
First, a few years ago, Mandadi and his colleagues discovered a way to propagate the HLB-causing bacteria in the lab. This method involves growing the bacteria in tiny, root-like structures developed from infected trees. The team will use this so called “hairy roots” method to screen treatments much faster than would be possible in citrus trees.
In these hairy roots, the team will test short chains of amino acids—peptides—that make spinach naturally resistant to HLB. After initial testing, the most promising spinach peptides will undergo testing in field trees. To get these peptides to the phloem of a tree, their gene sequences will be engineered into a special, benign citrus tristeza virus vector developed at the University of Florida. The citrus tristeza virus naturally resides in the phloem and can deliver the peptides where they can be effective.
“Even though a particular peptide may have efficacy in the lab, we won't know if it will be expressed in sufficient levels in a tree and for enough time to kill the bacteria,” Mandadi said. “Viruses are smart, and sometimes they throw the peptide out. Field trials are crucial.”
The second type of treatment to undergo testing is synthetic or naturally occurring small molecules that may kill HLB-causing bacteria. Again, Mandadi's team will screen the molecules in hairy roots. A multistate team will further test the efficacy of the most promising molecules by injecting them into trunks of infected trees in the field.
Essential work with an industry partner
So, any treatments that pass Mandadi's tests in the lab will undergo rigorous multilocation, multiyear field evaluations of both the therapies and delivery systems.
Southern Gardens Citrus, a wholly owned subsidiary of U.S. Sugar and a collaborator on the project, maintains citrus groves in Florida that are affected by HLB. The company has been at the forefront of the fight against HLB and has worked with members of the research team for several years.
For example, in a previous project, the company partnered with the Texas A&M team to test the efficacy of spinach peptides in genetically engineered citrus trees. This approach could still be a long-term solution.
For the short term, Southern Gardens Citrus is focusing on testing the peptide therapies in field trees via the citrus tristeza virus delivery system. The company will independently collect data for any regulatory approvals, including impacts of treatments on the environment.
“This public-private consortium project brings us one step closer to developing an effective therapy and delivery strategy to control citrus greening,” said Mike Irey, director of research and business development at Southern Gardens Citrus. “We look forward to continuing our partnership with Texas A&M AgriLife and other scientists and hope to bring an effective product to market one day soon.”
A feasible citrus greening treatment is effective and profitable
Another hurdle to overcome is ensuring that growers and consumers accept the products the team develops.
“We have to convince producers that the use of therapies is profitable and consumers that the fruit from treated trees would be safe to eat,” Mandadi said.
Therefore, a multistate economics and marketing team will conduct studies to determine the extent of economic benefits to citrus growers. In addition, a multistate extension and outreach team will use diverse outlets to disseminate project information to stakeholders. This team will also survey growers to gauge how likely they are to try the treatments.
“The research team will be informed by those surveys,” Mandadi said. “We will also engage a project advisory board of representatives from academia, universities, state and federal agencies, industry, and growers. While we are doing the science, the advisory board will provide guidance on both the technical and practical aspects the project.”
The most important things, Mandadi said, are to help citrus growers across the country to lower their economic losses resulting from HLB, and to allow consumers to keep enjoying citrus fruits.
“We all love oranges and especially grapefruits in Texas, and every year we look forward to our harvest,” Mandadi said. “Red grapefruits and oranges are our beloved state fruits in Texas and Florida. We have to safeguard them for the next generations.”
Project team members
—Kranthi Mandadi, Ph.D., AgriLife Research.
—Mike Irey, Southern Gardens Citrus, Florida.
—Choaa El-Mohtar, Ph.D., University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, IFAS, Citrus Research and Education Center.
—Ray Yokomi, Ph.D., USDA-ARS, Parlier, California.
—Ute Albrecht, Ph.D., University of Florida IFAS Southwest Florida Research and Education Center.
—Veronica Ancona, Ph.D., Texas A&M University-Kingsville Citrus Center.
—Freddy Ibanez-Carrasco, Ph.D., AgriLife Research, Department of Entomology, Weslaco.
—Sonia Irigoyen, Ph.D., AgriLife Research, Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center at Weslaco.
—Ariel Singerman, Ph.D., University of Florida IFAS Citrus Research and Education Center.
—Jinha Jung, Ph.D., Purdue University, Indiana.
—Juan Enciso, Ph.D., AgriLife Research, Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Weslaco.
—Samuel Zapata, Ph.D., AgriLife Extension, Department of Agricultural Economics, Weslaco.
—Olufemi Alabi, Ph.D., AgriLife Extension, Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Weslaco.
—Sonia Rios, University of California Cooperative Extension, Riverside and San Diego counties.
—Ben Faber, Ph.D., University of California Cooperative Extension, Ventura, Santa Barbra and San Luis Obispo counties.
—Greg Douhan, University of California Cooperative Extension, Tulare and Fresno counties.
Olga Kuchment