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Wildfire takes toll on mental, physical health of food producers
Farm Bill could support awareness of help available
The people who produce our food need support – especially in the areas of mental and physical well-being – to recover from increasingly widespread wildfire, scientists have found. The federal Farm Bill could help, but it is languishing in Congress (an extension of the previous Farm Bill was passed in late December 2024).
Postdoctoral researcher Natalia Pinzon Jimenez used surveys to hone in on the experiences of ranchers and farmers impacted by wildfire. Pinzon recently earned her Ph.D. at UC Davis and produced her findings with a team that included Leslie Roche, a professor of Cooperative Extension in the Department of Plant Sciences.
The team surveyed more than 500 ranchers and farmers affected by wildfires between 2017 and 2023. Pinzon recently summarized her findings in this research report. She also recently launched a website, Wildfires & Agriculture, based on her findings. Its goal is to help producers become more resilient to fire by providing tools, improving research and effecting policy.
Financial and technical assistance also matter, but are secondary, said the producers who participated in the surveys.
“The No. 1 wildfire impact for ranchers is on their physical and mental health,” said Tracy Schohr, a research team member and livestock and natural resources advisor in Plumas, Sierra, and Butte counties with UC Agriculture and Natural Resources (Schohr earned her master's degree with Ken Tate, also a professor of Cooperative Extension in the department.)
“This underscores the need for future United States Department of Agriculture disaster programs to prioritize physical and mental health and emphasizes the importance of USDA investment in training staff and partners in trauma-informed approaches to aid farmers and ranchers affected by disasters,” Schohr argued.
In addition to being scorched by wildfire, farmers and ranchers are on the front lines of wildfire response, both on their properties and in their communities. When it's not wildfire season, they manage future risks by reducing fuel loads on their properties, installing off-grid systems and water storage, planning for wildfire response and training employees, Pinzon reported.
Need for greater awareness of help available
While producers were optimistic about their chances of recovering from wildfire, Pinzon found they have a limited financial safety net supporting them. Most producers relied on personal savings to recover from significant losses. Small producers, those using organic or sustainable practices, beginning producers, first-generation producers and people renting their land all had fewer resources, including crop insurance.
In addition, 78 percent of farmers and 58 percent of ranchers did not use financial assistance offered through the USDA to cope with disasters, Pinzon reported. Many didn't even know such assistance is available, or they reported the application process was too difficult.
All those pressures led to a quarter of the respondents admitting they had considered shutting down their operations.
Pinzon pointed to the federal Farm Bill as a source for funding greater collaboration between the USDA and on-the-ground organizations such as Cooperative Extension. The aim would be “to raise awareness, expand access to assistance programs and provide science-based solutions for wildfire recovery,” Pinzon recommended.
Surveys lead to more insights
Pinzon's work is part of a larger, statewide effort to use surveys and interviews with ranchers and farmers to understand their needs, direct scientific inquiry and develop solutions to their problems.
The team includes the University of California, UC ANR, federal, state and local agencies, producer organizations and private individuals. The surveys go back to 2011 and were conducted by Roche and a network of colleagues.
Read about California ranchers' response to drought and their needs for staying strong.
Farmers and ranchers: Learn what you can do
You can prepare for wildfire on your land. Get free, online information through Farmer Campus, co-founded by Pinzon with support from the USDA. Start by downloading your Wildfire Preparedness Workbook. It includes practical, hands-on activities to help you get your operation ready to survive a fire.
This article was first published on the UC Davis Department of Plant Sciences news site.
Ranching and California's drought: A workshop & webcast
These concerns and more are being discussed at an upcoming meeting called “Ranching and California's Drought” a public workshop and webinar to be held on the UC Davis campus Nov. 7 and broadcast at local satellite locations throughout the state.
Drought experts from a range of organizations will open the dialogue with ranchers, to discuss the science and the policies of how drought is declared and mapped in California. UC Davis researcher Leslie Roche will present new insights from an extensive study, having surveyed and interviewed ranchers throughout the state. Other topics include new feeding strategies, how ranchers can qualify for drought relief assistance and a seasonal forecast from the state climatologist. The workshop will be a learning opportunity for researchers as well.
“There are impacts of drought on a ranch that these models are blind to or just can't integrate,” says UC Davis Cooperative Extension specialist Ken Tate, one of the meeting organizers. “But these things need to be integrated into policy.”
As an example, he explains how late April showers in northern California gave this year's totals a deceptively positive review: “It may not look like that big of a drought on the annual forage production basis, when in reality it was horrendous in December and January,” he says. “April rain and forage were too late to save the day.”
The forum will allow Drought Monitor experts to better integrate local knowledge into their analysis and decision making, Tate says, adding: “They're really open and really interested in having these conversations.”
Desert ranchers struggle to endure drought
This presents a financial dilemma for almost every rancher in Nevada, California and Oregon as one of the worst droughts in a century maintains its grip on the West.
For the story, reporter Kirk Siegler spoke to Ken Tate, UC Cooperative Extension specialist in the Department of Plant Sciences at UC Davis.
He said much of Nevada is going into its third year of severe drought, a situation that's unprecedented even for an arid region accustomed to dry spells.
Tate and his colleagues are helping ranchers squeeze out as much irrigation efficiency as possible, and manage rangelands so the vegetation is more drought-tolerant. But there's only so much that can be done.
"There are not scientific answers to some of these problems. Sometimes there's no solution for not enough rain," Tate said.
California ranchers anticipate devastating drought impacts, study finds
A statewide survey and follow-up interviews by the research team document a deep and growing concern over the severe conditions facing the ranching community. More than one-third of interviewed ranchers expect devastating impacts to their operations if drought conditions persist.
UC Davis postdoctoral researcher Leslie Roche and colleagues surveyed 511 ranchers across the state about their management decisions, including how they respond to drought. She is following up the survey with in-depth interviews to dig deeper into the specific factors affecting each ranching family and, so far, has met in person with more than 60 ranchers across California.
“Last year’s drought has really been on a lot of people’s minds,” said Roche. “But because this winter drought has hit so hard, it’s an extremely prominent concern among ranchers right now.”
She noted that ranching is often the sector of California agriculture that is most vulnerable to drought because it depends on rain-fed systems, rather than stored water or groundwater.
In 2013, California experienced its driest year on record, and the state’s current snowpack is just 17 percent of average. As a result, the state government and the U.S. Department of Agriculture have declared drought emergencies for California.
A statewide drought, such as the one that occurred from 1976 to 1977, would today exacerbate the effects of earlier regional droughts, according to many of the ranchers who responded to the UC Davis survey. With already conservative numbers of cattle in their herds, ranchers must now consider culling their herds to stay afloat as production costs rise.
California ranchers are accustomed to surviving drought. With a Mediterranean climate, drought conditions occur for about four months every year during the summer dry season. The last two winter wet seasons, however, have been below normal, forcing many ranchers to already implement drought plans. Most ranchers interviewed said that three to four of the last 10 years have been in drought. When asked if they consider themselves adaptive managers, almost all said, “you have to be.”
“Multi-generation ranchers, who have been viable in this state for a long time, have a lot to tell us from their own experience,” said Ken Tate, UC Cooperative Extension specialist in the Department of Plant Sciences at UC Davis.
“They have to have flexibility and options in order to adapt,” Tate said. “Those who have less flexibility -- fewer types of forage, fewer places to go with cattle -- tend to be the ones having a harder time adapting to drought because their ‘toolbox’ is smaller.”
The UC Davis research team discovered that 99 percent of the ranchers surveyed depend on other ranchers as a trusted source of information. The team’s participatory research is tapping into that knowledge and experience so that it can be shared widely to the benefit of other ranchers, as well as policymakers and researchers. The survey is connecting campus directly to ranchers, opening up a wealth of research opportunities that will shed light on what management practices under what conditions work best for California ranchers. Through this study, state and federal resource-management agencies and drought-assistance programs are gaining a better understanding of what drought and other important issues mean to the ranching industry.
Information on how ranchers are dealing with the drought now is giving others in the agriculture industry a comparison of how extensive the drought’s impacts will be for them later.
“Other folks in ag are watching,” said Tate, “because they’re looking to planting time coming up soon for the summer crops, and they don’t know how much water they’re going to get.”
Other researchers involved in the study are Mark Lubell and Tracy Schohr of UC Davis, Justin Derner of the USDA Agricultural Research Service, Bethany Cutts of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and Lynn Huntsinger of UC Berkeley. The project is funded by the National Institute of Food and Agriculture, and the survey was conducted in partnership with the California Cattlemen’s Association and the California Farm Bureau Federation.
More information about the survey can be found online at the Rangeland Watershed Laboratory.
Media contacts:
- Ken Tate, Plant Sciences, (530) 754-8988, kwtate@ucdavis.edu
- Leslie Roche, Plant Sciences, lmroche@ucdavis.edu
- Pat Bailey, UC Davis News Service, (530) 752-9843, pjbailey@ucdavis.edu
Yosemite toad and cattle use the Sierra Nevada landscape differently
"The toads use water areas and the cattle use drier meadow areas, which provide better forage," said Ken Tate, UC Cooperative Extension specialist in the Department of Plant Sciences at UC Davis.
The study, "Determining the Effects of Cattle Grazing Treatments on Yosemite Toads in Montane Meadows," found "no benefit of fencing to Yosemite toad populations." Researchers said their results "do not support previous studies that found a negative impact of grazing on amphibian populations."
The Yosemite toad was once among the most prevalent amphibians in the high Sierra including Yosemite National Park, where it was first discovered and after which it is named, according to a UC Davis news release. But its population and habitat has declined sharply since the early 1980s, disappearing from much of its historic range — meadows at elevations between 6,500 and 11,500 feet from Alpine to Fresno counties.
Besides grazing, other possible reasons for the amphibian's decline include habitat modifications, disease, invasive species, climate change and pesticides, the AgAlert article said.
Combined with other recent studies of water quality and meadow vegetation grazed areas, the research shows that conditions are improving and compatibility between livestock production and other ecosystem services provided by forests are increasing, Tate said.
More information about the studies can be found on the Rangeland Watershed Laboratory website.
